References Cited

Alpine, A.E. and J.E. Cloern. 1988. Phytoplankton growth rates in a light-limited environment,
     San Francisco Bay. Marine Ecology-Progress Series 44:167-173.
APHA. 1995. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 19th ed.
     American Public Health Association, Washington, D.C.
Aschan, M.M. and A.M. Skullerud. 1990. Effects of changes in sewage pollution on soft-bottom
     macrofauna communities in the inner Oslofjord, Norway. Sarsia 75:169-190.
Bales, J.D. and C.J.O. Childress. 1996. Aftermath of Hurricane Fran on North Carolina -
     Preliminary data on flooding and water quality. United States Geological Survey, Open-File
     Report 96-466.
Beukema, J. 1991. Changes in composition of bottom fauna of a tidal-flat area during a period of
     eutrophication. Marine Biology 111:292-301.
Boesch, D.F., R.J. Diaz and R.W. Virnstein. 1976. Effects of tropical storm Agnes on soft-bottom
     macrobenthic communities of the James and York River estuaries and the lower Chesapeake
     Bay. Chesapeake Science 17:246-259.
Boyd, C.E.1979. Water quality in warmwater fish ponds. Craftmaster Printers, Inc., Opelika, Al.
Burkholder, J.M., M.A. Mallin, H.B. Glasgow, Jr., L.M. Larsen, M.R. McIver, G.C. Shank, N.
     Deamer-Melia, D.S. Briley, J. Springer, B.W. Touchette and E.K. Hannon. 1997. Impacts to a
     coastal river and estuary from rupture of a large swine waste holding lagoon. Journal of
     Environmental Quality. 26:
Christian, R.R., J.N. Boyer and D.W. Stanley. 1991. Multi-year distributional patterns within the
     Neuse River Estuary, North Carolina. Marine Ecology-Progress Series 71:259-274.
Clark, J.W., W. Viessman, Jr. and M.J. Hammer. 1977. Water Supply and Pollution Control, 3rd
     ed. IEP-A Dun-Donnelley Publishers, New York.
Dauer, D.M. 1984. High resilience to disturbance of an estuarine polychaete community. Bulletin of
     Marine Science 34:170-174.
Day, J.W. Jr., C.A.S. Hall, W.M. Kemp and A. Yanez-Arancibia. 1989. Estuarine Ecology. John
     Wiley & Sons, New York, N.Y.
Donham, K.J., J. Yeggy and R.R. Dague. 1985. Chemical and physical parameters of liquid manure
     from swine containment facilities: Health implications for workers, swine and the environment.
     Agricultural Wastes 14:97-113.
EA Engineering. 1991. Lower Cape Fear Water Quality and Fisheries Literature Review, Final
     Report. EA Report No. 11747, EA Engineering, Science, and Technology, Inc. Smyrna, GA.
Hines, A.H., A.M. Haddon, J.J. Miklas, L.A. Weichert and A.M. Haddon. 1987. Estuarine
     invertebrates and fish: sampling design and constraints for long-term measurement of population
     dynamics. In: T.P. Boyle (ed.), New approaches to monitoring aquatic ecosystems. ASTM STP
     940, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA. Pp. 140-164.
Holland, A.F. 1985. Long-term variation of macrobenthos in a mesohaline region of Chesapeake
     Bay. Estuaries 10:227-245.
Holland, A.F., A.T. Shaughnessy and M.H. Hiegel. 1987. Long-term variation in mesohaline
     Chesapeake Bay macrobenthos: spatial and temporal patterns. Estuaries 10:227-245.
Hyland, J.L., T.J. Herlinger, T.R. Snouts, A.H. Ringwood, R.F. Van Dolah, C.T. Hackney, G.A.
     Nelson, J.S. Rosen and S.A. Kokkinakis. 1996. Environmental quality of estuaries of the
     Carolinian Province: 1994. Annual statistical summary for the 1994 EMAP - Estuaries
     Demonstration Project in the Carolinian Province. NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS
     ORCA 97. NOAA/NOS, Office of Ocean Resources Conservation and Assessment, Silver
     Spring, MD. 102p.
Johnston, C.A. 1991. Sediment and nutrient retention by freshwater wetlands: Effects on surface
     water quality. Critical Reviews in Environmental Control 21:491-565.
Kuenzler, E.J., K.L. Stone and D.B. Albert. 1982. Phytoplankton uptake and sediment release of
     nitrogen and phosphorus in the Chowan River, North Carolina. Report No. 186, Water
     Resources Research Institute of the University of North Carolina, Raleigh, N.C.
Lebo, M.E. 1991. Particle-bound phosphorus along an urbanized coastal plain estuary. Marine
     Chemistry 34:225-246.
Lebo, M.E. and J.H. Sharp. 1993. Distribution of phosphorus along the Delaware, an urbanized
     coastal plain estuary. Estuaries 16:290-301.
Mallin, M.A. 1994. Phytoplankton ecology of North Carolina estuaries. Estuaries 17:561-574.
Mallin, M.A. and H.W. Paerl. 1992. Effect of variable irradiance on phytoplankton productivity in
     shallow estuaries. Limnology and Oceanography 37: 54-62.
Mallin, M.A., G.C. Shank, M.R. McIver and J.F. Merritt. 1996. Water quality in the lower Cape
     Fear River system, 1995-1996. Center for Marine Science Research, University of North
     Carolina at Wilmington, Wilmington, N.C.
Mallin, M.A., L.B. Cahoon, M.R. McIver, D.C. Parsons and G.C. Shank. 1997a. Nutrient
     limitation and eutrophication potential in the Cape Fear and New River Estuaries. Report No.
     313. Water Resources Research Institute of the University of North Carolina, Raleigh, N.C.
Mallin, M.A., J.M. Burkholder, M.R. McIver, G.C. Shank, H.B. Glasgow, Jr., B.W. Touchette
     and J. Springer. 1997b. Comparative effects of a poultry lagoon rupture and a swine waste
     lagoon spill on the quality of receiving waters. Journal of Environmental Quality. 26:
McDonald, M. 1887. The rivers and sounds of North Carolina. In: G.B. Goode (ed), The Fisheries
     and Fishery Industries of the United States, Section V., Volume I., U.S. Comm. Fish. and
     Fisheries. 808 pp.
Meyer, J.L. 1990. A blackwater perspective on riverine ecosystems. Bioscience 9:643-651.
Meyer, J.L. 1992. Seasonal patterns of water quality in blackwater rivers of the coastal plain,
     southeastern United States. In C.D. Becker and D.A. Neitzel (eds.) Water Quality in North
     American River Systems. Batelle Press, Columbus. pp 251-260.
Moser, M.L., and S.W. Ross. 1993. Distribution and movements of shortnose sturgeon (Acipenser
     brevirostrum) and other anadromous fishes of the lower Cape Fear River, North Carolina.
     Final Report, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Wilmington, NC. 112 pp.
NCDEHNR. 1994. Water Quality Progress in North Carolina, 1992-1993. 305(b) Report. Report
     No. 94-07, North Carolina Department of Environment, Health, and Natural Resources,
     Division of Environmental Management, Water Quality Section, Raleigh.
NCDEHNR. 1996a. Cape Fear River Basinwide Water Quality Management Plan. North Carolina
     Department of Environment, Health, and Natural Resources, Division of Water Quality, Raleigh,
     N.C.
NCDEHNR. 1996b. Weather related situations at animal facilities/Publicly-owned treatment
     facilities affected by Fran. Draft Report. North Carolina Department of Environment, Health and
     Natural Resources.
NCDWQ. 1997. Annual Report of Fish Kill Events, 1996. North Carolina Division of Water
     Quality, Environmental Sciences Branch, Water Quality Section, Raleigh, N.C.
Nichols, F.H. 1985. Abundance fluctuations among benthic invertebrates in two Pacific estuaries.
     Estuaries 8:136-144.
NCDNR. 1983. Status of Water Resources in the Cape Fear River Basin, Cape Fear River Basin
     Study. North Carolina Department of Natural Resources and Community Development and U.S.
     Water Resources Council, Raleigh, N.C.
NCRS. 1995. Eastern North Carolina Cooperative River Basin Study. Natural Resources
     Conservation Service, USDA, Raleigh, N.C.
Paerl, H.W., M.A. Mallin, C.A. Donahue, M. Go and B.J. Peierls. 1995. Nitrogen loading sources
     and eutrophication of the Neuse River Estuary, North Carolina: Direct and indirect roles of
     atmospheric deposition. UNC WRRI-95-291. Water Resources Research Institute of the
     University of North Carolina, Raleigh, N.C.
Parsons, T.R., Y. Maita and C.M. Lalli. 1984. A Manual of Chemical and Biological Methods for
     Seawater Analysis. Pergammon Press, Oxford.
Pommepuy, M., J.F. Guillaud, E. Dupray, A. Derrien, F. Le Guyader and M. Cormier. 1992.
     Enteric bacteria survival factors. Water Science and Technology 25:93-103.
Posey, M.H., T.D. Alphin and C.M. Powell. 1997. Plant and infaunal communities associated with
     a created marsh. Estuaries 20:42-47.
Posey, M., W. Lindberg, T. Alphin and F. Vose. 1996. Influence of storm disturbance on an
     offshore benthic community. Bulletin of Marine Science 59:523-529.
Posey, M.H., C. Wigand and J.C. Stevenson. 1993. Effects of an introduced aquatic plant,
     Hydrilla verticillata, on benthic communities in the upper Chesapeake Bay. Estuarine, Coastal
     and Shelf science 37:539-555.
Raymont, J.E.G. 1980. Plankton and productivity in the oceans. 2nd. Ed. Volume I. Phytoplankton.
     Pergammon Press, Oxford, England.
Ross, S.W., F.C. Rohde, and D.G. Lindquist. 1988. Endangered,Threatened, and Rare Fauna of
     North Carolina. Part II. A Re-evaluation of the Marine and Estuarine Fishes. Occassional
     Papers of the North Carolina Biological Survey 1988-7, 20 pp.
Sholar, T. M. 1977. Anadromous fisheries research program, Cape Fear River system, phase I.
     Completion Report for Project AFCS-12. North Carolina Department of Natural Resources
     and Economic Development, Division of Marine Fisheries, 81 pp. 
Simboura, N., A. Zenetus, P. Panayotides and A. Makra. 1995. Changes in benthic community
     structure along an environmental pollution gradient. Mar. Poll. Bull. 30:470-474.
Stanley, D.W. 1987. Water quality in the Pamlico River Estuary, 1986. ICMR Technical Report
     87-01, East Carolina University, Greenville, N.C.
Sunda, W.G., P.A. Tester and S.A. Huntsman. 1990. Toxicity of trace metals to Acartia tonsa in
     the Elizabeth River and southern Chesapeake Bay. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science
     30:207-221.
Tsutsumi, H. 1990. Population persistence of Capitella sp. (Polychaeta; Capitellidae) on a mud flat
     subject to environmental disturbance by organic enrichment. Marine Ecology-Progress Series
     63:147-156. 
Van Dolah, R.F., D.R. Calder and D.M. Knott. 1984. Effects of dredging and open water disposal
     on benthic macroinvertebrates in a South Carolina estuary. Estuaries 7:28- 37.
Westerman, P.W., M.R. Overcash, R.O. Evans, L.D. King, J.C. Burns and G.A. Cummings. 1985.
     Swine lagoon effluent applied to ‘coastal’ Bermudagrass: III. Irrigation and rainfall runofff.
     Journal of Environmental Quality 14:22-25.
Westerman, P.W., L.M. Safely, Jr. and J.C. Barker. 1990. Lagoon liquid nutrient variation over
     four years for lagoons with recycle systems. In Agriculture and Food Processing Wastes,
     Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium on Agriculture and Food Processing Wastes,
     Chicago, Il. ASAE Publication 05-90. St. Joseph, MI.
Weston, D.P. 1990. Quantitative examination of macrobenthic community changes along an organic
     enrichment gradient. Marine Ecology-Progress Series 61:233-244.
Whitehurst, I. T. and B.I. Lindsey. 1990. The impact of organic enrichment on the benthic
     macroinvertebrate communities of a lowland river. Wat. Res. 24:625-630.
WMS. 1996. Wilmington Morning-Star, November 13, 1996.

lcfrp.gif (6053 bytes) Back to Table of Contents for 1996-1997 Annual Report
Back to Lower Cape Fear River Program Homepage