1.0  Introduction
Michael A. Mallin

    The Lower Cape Fear River Program is a unique science and education program that has a mission to develop an understanding of processes that control and influence the ecology of the Cape Fear River, and to provide a mechanism for information exchange and public education. This Program provides a forum for dialogue among the various Cape Fear River user groups and encourages interaction among them. Overall policy is set by an Advisory Board consisting of representatives from citizen’s groups, local government, industries, academia, the business community, and regulatory agencies. This report represents the scientific conclusions of the UNCW researchers participating in this Program, and does not necessarily reflect opinions of all other Program participants.
    The scientific basis of the Program consists of the implementation of an ongoing comprehensive physical, chemical, and biological monitoring program. Another part of the mission is to develop and maintain a data base on the Cape Fear basin and make use of this data to develop management plans. Using this monitoring data as a framework, the Program goals also include focused scientific projects and investigation of pollution episodes. The scientific aspects of the Program are carried out by investigators from the University of North Carolina at Wilmington Center for Marine Science Research. The monitoring program was developed by the Cape Fear River Program Technical Committee, which consists of representatives from UNCW, the North Carolina Division of Water Quality, The NC Division of Marine Fisheries, the US Army Corps of Engineers, technical representatives from streamside industries, the City of Wilmington Wastewater Treatment Plants, Cape Fear Community College, Cape Fear RiverWatch, the North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service, the US Geological Survey, forestry and agriculture organizations, and others. This integrated and cooperative program is the first of its kind in North Carolina.
    Broad-scale monthly sampling at 16 stations in the estuary and lower river system began in June 1995 (directed by Dr. Michael Mallin). Sampling was increased to 34 stations in February of 1996, and 35 stations in February 1998. The Cape Fear River Program added another component concerned with studying the benthic macrofauna of the system in 1995. This component is directed by Dr. Martin Posey of the UNCW Biology Department and has the benefit of additional data collected by the Benthic Ecology Laboratory under a U.S. Army Corps of Engineers-sponsored project in the Cape Fear Estuary. The third major biotic component (added in January 1996) is an extensive fisheries program directed by Dr. Mary Moser of the UNCW Center for Marine Science Research. This program involves cooperative sampling with the North Carolina Division of Marine Fisheries and the North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission. During the past year the Program has been further enhanced by sedimentology studies overseen by Dr. Lynn Leonard of the UNCW Earth Sciences Department.

1.1. Site Description

    The mainstem of the Cape Fear River is formed by the merging of the Haw and the Deep Rivers in Chatham County in the North Carolina Piedmont. However, its drainage basin reaches as far upstream as the Greensboro area (Fig. 1.1). The mainstem of the river has been altered by several dams and water control structures. In the coastal plain the river is joined by two major tributaries, the Black and the Northeast Cape Fear Rivers (Fig. 1.1). These blackwater streams drain extensive riverine swamp forests and add organic color to the mainstem. The watershed is the most heavily industrialized in North Carolina, with 641 NPDES discharges (NCDEHNR 1996) and approximately 27% of the state’s population (NRCS 1995). Approximately 25% of the land use in the watershed is devoted to agriculture and livestock production (NCDNR 1983; EA Engineering 1991), particularly swine and poultry operations. Thus, the watershed receives considerable point and non-point source loading of pollutants.
    Water quality is monitored by boat at nine stations in the Cape Fear Estuary (from Navassa to Southport) and one station in the Northeast Cape Fear Estuary (Table 1.1(shown below); Fig. 1.1). Riverine stations sampled by boat include NC11, AC, DP, IC, and BBT (Table 1.1; Fig. 1.1). NC11 is located upstream of any major point source discharges in the lower river and estuary system, and is considered to be a measure of water quality entering the lower system. BBT is located on the Black River between Thoroughfare and the mainstem Cape Fear, and is influenced by both. We consider B210 and NCF117 to represent water quality entering the lower Black and Northeast Cape Fear Rivers, respectively. Data has also been collected at stream and river stations throughout the Cape Fear, Northeast Cape Fear, and Black River watersheds (Table 1.1; Fig. 1.1). Data collection at a station in the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway was initiated in February 1998 to obtain water quality information near the Southport Wastewater Treatment Plant discharge.

Table 1.1   Description of sampling locations in the Cape Fear Watershed, 1999-2000, including UNCW designation and NCDWQ map number.

High order river and estuary stations

Tributary stations collected from land

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